The Aventine Triad has been described as parallel to the Capitoline Triad of Jupiter, Mars and Quirinus on the Capitoline Hill, within the city's sacred boundary ( pomerium): and as its "copy and antithesis". Liber's patronage of Rome's largest, least powerful class of citizens (the plebs, or plebeian commoners) associates him with particular forms of plebeian disobedience to the civil and religious authority claimed by Rome's Republican patrician elite. The formal, official development of the Aventine Triad may have encouraged the assimilation of its individual deities to Greek equivalents: Ceres to Demeter, Liber to Dionysus and Libera to Persephone or Kore. These early ludi scaenici have been suggested as the earliest of their kind in Rome, and may represent the earliest official festival to Liber, or an early form of his Liberalia festival. In 493 the vow was fulfilled: the new Aventine temple was dedicated and ludi scaenici ( religious dramas) were held in honour of Liber, for the benefit of the Roman people. Postumius vowed games ( ludi) and a joint public temple to a Triad of Ceres, Liber and Libera on Rome's Aventine Hill, c.496 BC. Liber entered Rome's historical tradition soon after the overthrow of the Roman monarchy, the establishment of the Republic and the first of many threatened or actual plebeian secessions from Rome's patrician authority. Roman writers of the late Republic and early Empire offer various etymological and poetic speculations based on this trope, to explain certain features of Liber's cult. The word 'liber' is also understood in regard of the concept libation, ritual offering of drink, which in Greek relates to 'spondé', literally related to English 'to spend'. Latin liber means "free", or the "free one" when coupled with "pater", it means "The Free Father", who personifies freedom and champions its attendant rights, as opposed to dependent servitude. In ancient Lavinium, he was a phallic deity. Origins and establishment īefore his official adoption as a Roman deity, Liber was companion to two different goddesses in two separate, archaic Italian fertility cults Ceres, an agricultural and fertility goddess of Rome's Hellenised neighbours, and Libera, who was Liber's female equivalent. The name Līber ('free') stems from Proto-Italic *leuþero, and ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁leudʰero ('belonging to the people', hence 'free'). His cult and functions were increasingly associated with Romanised forms of the Greek Dionysus/Bacchus, whose mythology he came to share. His festival of Liberalia (March 17) became associated with free speech and the rights attached to coming of age. He was a patron deity of Rome's plebeians and was part of their Aventine Triad. In ancient Roman religion and mythology, Liber ( / ˈ l aɪ b ər/ LY-bər, Latin: "the free one"), also known as Liber Pater ("the free Father"), was a god of viticulture and wine, male fertility and freedom. Three Roman votive pillars the one on the left reads Libero Patri Valerius Daphinus a l p: "Valerius Daphinus erects to Liber Pater of his free will."
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